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Overview: Proton therapy (PT) is in some respects an established treatment approach (the first treatments were carried decades ago) and in other respects it is perceived as a technique that still needs to find its role in radiation oncology. Will improvements in patient selection methods, better image guidance, reduced cost of the technology, and the promising developments of FLASH, enable a bright future for proton therapy? Or will instead long standing objections about the lack of economical sustainability, and the struggle to demonstrate superior clinical benefits to photon therapy, keep hampering PT developments over the next few years, even more so in the landscape of rapidly improving systemic therapy?